Found a reference to ENIASA - Instituto de Informática de Engenharia SARL (computer science engeneering). Rereading your post, I'm not entirely sure if it was just an academic publishing from maybe the same group or if a new branch for computers derived from the mecanograph educational offers. Curious use of ordenador istead of computador as it is nowadays, makes me wonder if it was an early adoption of the term computer.
No, "ordinateur" was a marketing term created for IBM that meant to evoke godliness, from the somewhat archaic phrase, "Dieu qui met de l'ordre dans le monde", God who sets the world in order.
As Portuguese reaching 50, that is also native speaker in Spanish as well, this is the very first time I have seen any Portuguese content using the Spanish/French variant, instead of "computador".
The book has a picture of the IBM 2321 Data Cell Drive, 1964 to 1975.[1]
That's an exotic peripheral for the original IBM System/360, a tape strip library. Before disks got big, there were various mechanical kludges to select storage media from a library and move them to a read/write unit.
IBM had several such mechanical systems. This one was a commercial product with modest success.
Look up a guy called Pedro Aniceto - he’ll tell you so many stories of when those cards were current here (he used to courier them across town when he was a kid)
I love these old advertisements. BTW, even in late and mid 80's, there were adverts on the Spanish Reader's Digest on courses about computers. I rememember showing images of both PDP front panels and maybe Altair 8800, not IBM PC's. These were top notch stuff for big corporations and banks filling their offices.
BTW, on the 'computadora' term, these looked outdated, and to anyone non-Latin American descent here 'computadora' would mean an old IBM mainframe the size of two wardrobes and more.
>indicates that João A. Fernandes is paid 15$000 (15 Portuguese escudos) per hour
From the linked Wikipedia article, the escudo was replaced with the Euro in 2002, at a rate of about 200 escudos to the Euro. Seems like they had quite a bit of inflation in those three or so decades.
I was intrigued by the value so did some research.
I would guess the 15$/hour value was chosen to approximate an average gross salary. The annualized payment would be 31200$[1] and it seems the average annual salary was around 30359$.
Updated to 2022 values the annual gross pay would be 10033€ [3], current average annual gross salary is 20483€ [4].
15 escudos was roughly 7 cents of Euro in those days. You could buy one chewing gum with that kind of money. An expresso coffee would cost 50 escudos on the turn of the century.
I have heard a few stories about those times in the 70s and 80s where people were selling their properties and putting the money in the bank which was paying 20% interest.
A bitter lesson on the difference between the nominal Vs real value of money rapidly ensued.
I'm portuguese and there's an oddity in either this chart or my memory.
When we transitioned to the euro it seemed most shops straight up converted from escudo to eurocent. So if something cost 50 escudos it would cost 50 cents. I was a teen at the time so I remember having to pay double for breakfast and arcade coinop games and people blaming the inflation for the doubled price of stuff. Yet the chart doesn't represent this. I know the price of electronics for example wasn't doubled so I wasn't expect a 100% inflation rate or anything, but I still feels it should've been higher than 4%.
It didn't happed specifically with bread, as other comment exposed, but it happened with other products, specially in bars, cafés, and restaurants.
On the other hand, inflation affected different products in different ways. I remember how in January 1st 2002 a small bag of Ruffles Jamón costed €0.15 in a kiosk and now it's around €0.50 (or even more) in same places (and now contains less product and more air), and I doubt any other product that are nearly 300% percent inflation since 2002 (outside homes sadly)
Uh 3 years of 22% inflation (give or take) doubles prices. When you're a young kid it sure would seem like everything got twice as expensive really fast, especially since most stores and manufacturers aren't raising prices every week to track inflation.
If I estimate the 10-ish years of 20% +/- 3% that's around 7x which I can't imagine.
They were talking about 2002 when the Euro was introduced and "it felt like" prices doubled overnight. At the time (as you can see in the chart) inflation was below 4% per year.
'till the 80's, french was the computer dominating language. Terms like "Octeto" (portuguese for byte) were derived from french glossary (tehy had laws to prevent the english tech term colonization and still today they have a french word for every english counterpart). So, "Ordenadores" was pretty common. And before electronics took over, we had "Electrológica", refering mixed hardware like Burroughs or Gestetner.
The term "octet" is used in IETF documentation (for IP addresses, for example) to be specific that the byte is 8 bits in length. Historically the size of a "byte" on a system was machine-dependent. The industry coalesced around the 8-bit byte, and differentiated it from "machine word" in the 70s and 80s.
Like the sibling says, octet is useful when in a networking context, because bytes weren't uniformly sized, but also because communications protocols were sometimes only 7-bit.
Serial ports and modems often operated in that mode, and UUCP influenced mail and newsgroups to only use 7-bit data; requiring encoding for data with the high bit set. Protocols that specify octets are dealing with 8-bit bytes and don't have to deal with that.
In Brazil the vocabulary changed a lot from the 80s onward too.
I was used to reading everything in English, so Brazilian computer books and magazines would always read strange to me. Then in the 90s everything just moved to American vocabulary.
The strangest word I recall in this context is the use of "alça" for handle.
Brazil had a bad problem with technical books being translated by generalist translators who just looked up the word in the dictionary and used the first translation they saw. So many translations are extremely hard to read because of that.
Yep. The literal translation for "edge-triggered flip-flop" still stands as one of the weirdest, most bizarre things I ever read as a Continental Portuguese student.
Never read another Brazilian technical translation ever agin.
Mostly because I know it's installed, I can remember pretty much the entire language, and because I'd probably use Python instead but I've been bitten by some environment thing too many times.
Yes, a single variable notification in code, could cost THOUSANDS just because someone would punch ONE card with the new data, compile it (with no errors), save it on a cassete tape, (write the label of the tape with a new version number) and deliver it to the customer. There were no monitors. Computers would have a "BOITIER" (a rectangular box of coloured lamps) who coould have 3 meanings, ON, OFF and BLINKING. We're talking about 16 light points, and the interpretation of those lights would have the answer for the completed action. 3 whites and 3 reds would mean "No errors on compiling". But that action only verified syntax. Logic was another department :)
Mind blowing. 50 years later we are putting VM in a VM in a VM to send videos of funny cats along with bank transactions across the world to everyone’s wireless pocket computer.
Found a reference to ENIASA - Instituto de Informática de Engenharia SARL (computer science engeneering). Rereading your post, I'm not entirely sure if it was just an academic publishing from maybe the same group or if a new branch for computers derived from the mecanograph educational offers. Curious use of ordenador istead of computador as it is nowadays, makes me wonder if it was an early adoption of the term computer.
It was submitted for registration and approved in 1970, according to Diário da República (similar to Federal Register in the US): https://files.dre.pt/gratuitos/3s/1970/09/1970d210s000.pdf , page 4, line 82 of that table. Or here: https://i.imgur.com/GyKPamu.png
It's still "ordenador" in Spain and "ordinateur" in French. Interesting that we moved forward to computer over the years.
Is this because these early computers were more often used to keep tabs and sort things (put things in order) rather than merely compute things?
(I'm aware that in order to perform those tasks the processing unit will also have to perform arithmetic operations)
No, "ordinateur" was a marketing term created for IBM that meant to evoke godliness, from the somewhat archaic phrase, "Dieu qui met de l'ordre dans le monde", God who sets the world in order.
https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2005/04/15/16-avril-1...
Spain calqued the word into ordenador while most of Latin America calqued computadora from the USA.
Orden in Spanish means both command (mandate, instruction) and order (as from sort).
So it means both order and order.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/order
1. (countable) Arrangement, disposition, or sequence.
[…]
5. (countable) A command.
[…]
Exactly the same as the Portuguese word ordem.
ordem e progresso = sorting and soup? https://www.progresso.com
As Portuguese reaching 50, that is also native speaker in Spanish as well, this is the very first time I have seen any Portuguese content using the Spanish/French variant, instead of "computador".
Yeah, I found that too. But that's all I found.
Read my comment below about the french language domination
The book has a picture of the IBM 2321 Data Cell Drive, 1964 to 1975.[1] That's an exotic peripheral for the original IBM System/360, a tape strip library. Before disks got big, there were various mechanical kludges to select storage media from a library and move them to a read/write unit. IBM had several such mechanical systems. This one was a commercial product with modest success.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_2321_Data_Cell
Look up a guy called Pedro Aniceto - he’ll tell you so many stories of when those cards were current here (he used to courier them across town when he was a kid)
;) Punching cards was in fact my first "decent" job. There were the "punchers" and "the programmers". A real social battle...
I feel like you should submit your own blog posts here!
The job goes back much further than you probably think!
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PqLCHjAI000&pp=ygUQbG9vbSBjYXJ...
I love these old advertisements. BTW, even in late and mid 80's, there were adverts on the Spanish Reader's Digest on courses about computers. I rememember showing images of both PDP front panels and maybe Altair 8800, not IBM PC's. These were top notch stuff for big corporations and banks filling their offices.
BTW, on the 'computadora' term, these looked outdated, and to anyone non-Latin American descent here 'computadora' would mean an old IBM mainframe the size of two wardrobes and more.
I remember those things being called "cerebros electrónicos".
More like the 60's and 70's, and infamously known because of the comic books. "Electronic Brains" in the 80's, maybe until 1981 or 1982.
I think it was like the 80 or 81 that my dad referred to the computer in their company as "el cerebro electrónico" and it was a IBM System/34.
Yeah, what I said. After the IBM PC began to root in Spain (and micros like the ZX Spectrum), no one used neither cerebro electrónico nor computadora.
>indicates that João A. Fernandes is paid 15$000 (15 Portuguese escudos) per hour
From the linked Wikipedia article, the escudo was replaced with the Euro in 2002, at a rate of about 200 escudos to the Euro. Seems like they had quite a bit of inflation in those three or so decades.
I was intrigued by the value so did some research.
I would guess the 15$/hour value was chosen to approximate an average gross salary. The annualized payment would be 31200$[1] and it seems the average annual salary was around 30359$.
Updated to 2022 values the annual gross pay would be 10033€ [3], current average annual gross salary is 20483€ [4].
[1] 15$ * 2080 hours [2] https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/9819/1/ee-ja... [3] https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ipc&xlang=en [4] https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/salarios-e-pensoes/sa...
15 escudos was roughly 7 cents of Euro in those days. You could buy one chewing gum with that kind of money. An expresso coffee would cost 50 escudos on the turn of the century.
There was: https://www.inflationtool.com/rates/portugal/historical?utm_...
I have heard a few stories about those times in the 70s and 80s where people were selling their properties and putting the money in the bank which was paying 20% interest.
A bitter lesson on the difference between the nominal Vs real value of money rapidly ensued.
I'm portuguese and there's an oddity in either this chart or my memory.
When we transitioned to the euro it seemed most shops straight up converted from escudo to eurocent. So if something cost 50 escudos it would cost 50 cents. I was a teen at the time so I remember having to pay double for breakfast and arcade coinop games and people blaming the inflation for the doubled price of stuff. Yet the chart doesn't represent this. I know the price of electronics for example wasn't doubled so I wasn't expect a 100% inflation rate or anything, but I still feels it should've been higher than 4%.
Ditto in Spanish with the former currency, the peseta.
1 euro = 166 PTS, 6 euro ~ 1000 PTS, the basic banknote.
Guess what happened. Exactly. Bread costing 100 PTS began to cost... 166, 1 euro.
Bread didn’t go up 66% overnight.
It did go up 66%… but it took more than 15 years: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6407661.pdf
In some places, it did over a year.
In your mind :-)
Tell that to lots of local shops there on what happened between 2002 and 2005 :)
And, of course, bars.
We were talking about bread. And "between 2002 and 2005" is somewhat longer than "over a year".
It didn't happed specifically with bread, as other comment exposed, but it happened with other products, specially in bars, cafés, and restaurants.
On the other hand, inflation affected different products in different ways. I remember how in January 1st 2002 a small bag of Ruffles Jamón costed €0.15 in a kiosk and now it's around €0.50 (or even more) in same places (and now contains less product and more air), and I doubt any other product that are nearly 300% percent inflation since 2002 (outside homes sadly)
Uh 3 years of 22% inflation (give or take) doubles prices. When you're a young kid it sure would seem like everything got twice as expensive really fast, especially since most stores and manufacturers aren't raising prices every week to track inflation.
If I estimate the 10-ish years of 20% +/- 3% that's around 7x which I can't imagine.
They were talking about 2002 when the Euro was introduced and "it felt like" prices doubled overnight. At the time (as you can see in the chart) inflation was below 4% per year.
I didn't know they used to call computers "ordenadores" in Portugal. Interesting.
'till the 80's, french was the computer dominating language. Terms like "Octeto" (portuguese for byte) were derived from french glossary (tehy had laws to prevent the english tech term colonization and still today they have a french word for every english counterpart). So, "Ordenadores" was pretty common. And before electronics took over, we had "Electrológica", refering mixed hardware like Burroughs or Gestetner.
English-speaking programmers still say "octet" for byte sometimes, for example when talking about IP addresses.
The term "octet" is used in IETF documentation (for IP addresses, for example) to be specific that the byte is 8 bits in length. Historically the size of a "byte" on a system was machine-dependent. The industry coalesced around the 8-bit byte, and differentiated it from "machine word" in the 70s and 80s.
Edit: I just checked wikipedia, and this is described there: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte
Like the sibling says, octet is useful when in a networking context, because bytes weren't uniformly sized, but also because communications protocols were sometimes only 7-bit.
Serial ports and modems often operated in that mode, and UUCP influenced mail and newsgroups to only use 7-bit data; requiring encoding for data with the high bit set. Protocols that specify octets are dealing with 8-bit bytes and don't have to deal with that.
In Brazil the vocabulary changed a lot from the 80s onward too.
I was used to reading everything in English, so Brazilian computer books and magazines would always read strange to me. Then in the 90s everything just moved to American vocabulary.
The strangest word I recall in this context is the use of "alça" for handle.
Brazil had a bad problem with technical books being translated by generalist translators who just looked up the word in the dictionary and used the first translation they saw. So many translations are extremely hard to read because of that.
Yep. The literal translation for "edge-triggered flip-flop" still stands as one of the weirdest, most bizarre things I ever read as a Continental Portuguese student.
Never read another Brazilian technical translation ever agin.
Ordinateur in French, still.
Ordenador in Spanish, still.
Spain and France as well. Computadora was a Latin American thing
They appear to have in this book, but computadores seems to have taken over.
Those were the days...
My dad used to work in a college lab that used punch cards. I am actually using one as a bookmark right now - they make great bookmarks!
Blank, unpunched punchcards are a great size for taking notes too.
Very cool. Also good to see someone else still writing Perl.
Mostly because I know it's installed, I can remember pretty much the entire language, and because I'd probably use Python instead but I've been bitten by some environment thing too many times.
Yes, a single variable notification in code, could cost THOUSANDS just because someone would punch ONE card with the new data, compile it (with no errors), save it on a cassete tape, (write the label of the tape with a new version number) and deliver it to the customer. There were no monitors. Computers would have a "BOITIER" (a rectangular box of coloured lamps) who coould have 3 meanings, ON, OFF and BLINKING. We're talking about 16 light points, and the interpretation of those lights would have the answer for the completed action. 3 whites and 3 reds would mean "No errors on compiling". But that action only verified syntax. Logic was another department :)
Mind blowing. 50 years later we are putting VM in a VM in a VM to send videos of funny cats along with bank transactions across the world to everyone’s wireless pocket computer.
It still has great whipuptitude.
so.. those real cards that fell off .by.gravity., were the originals photographed in the textbook?
No, they were not the originals because if you look at the book versions they do not have the printed In Es Me logo on them.
then.. what, someone learned punching? from what's in that book? The text punched matches exactly..
Or is that some secret "code" to open gates of XYZ?
p.s. it is a rabbit hole :)
From my blog: So, it looks like the cards were examples (perhaps from the training course) drawn from the book.